Religion in the Workplace Essay

People around the world have a set of beliefs whether they choose to believe in Jesus Christ or not to agnostic and gnostic, everyone has a set of beliefs which they hold on to. However the question arises on how can we practice it outside our homes specifically at work without imposing other people’s rights who may not hold to the same views as one does. How does the view of a utilitarianism, deontology, and relativism tie into this matter, and could we find a balance on both sides to come to a logical conclusion on how things could be run at a workplace. People seem to shy away when it comes to talk about religion and politics for good reason. One cannot come out of the conversation agreeing with the other side so they revert back to relativism which is a go to for some trying to avoid confrontations, but what about our rights to religious practice at work? Where does one draw the line? We were born with the freedom of choice, this includes choosing to believe in what others tell you, to listen to things etc. One can easily choose to leave the room or place, but where it gets troubling is if it takes place during a meeting and the other persons morals are founded strongly on their religious beliefs and they just might either make or break a company based on their decision or performance. Why though do we feel as if we need to have the right to express ourselves? Well as Mosser., K explains â€Å" because religion is such a basic part of a person’s self-conception, someone may feel his or her right to the free expression of religious beliefs is restricted by not being allowed to state them when and where he or she wishes.† A company may reap the blessings of a group or an individual true Christian and still not be biased to that  person only because of the good that is coming out of it. This would result in good for the greatest number of people according to a utilitarianism view. However there is another side to the coin even in the same ethical theory. Rule utilitarianism states that â€Å"allowing the majority’s religious views to be imposed on a minority does not create the greatest good for the greatest number.† (Mosser K.,) This also brings into light that people cannot be forced into something that they do not want to accept. Christianity was never meant to be forced upon people, but over the years it has been twisted to mean something other then what is true though there are those who still hold faithfully to what is right. Even at mandatory work functions one cannot force prayer or religious service on one without possibly violating state laws. Sam Grover explains â€Å" most likely any prayer or religious service that accompanies a mandatory work event or meeting would violate Title VII discrimination laws under the same reason used in Townley.† (Grover, S. 2010) The next question one could ask themselves how much is too much, when someone continuously asks to attend church or has their bible out on their office desk? Harassment has taken place in the workplace when â€Å"an employee is required or coerced to abandon, alter, or adopt a religious practice as a condition of employment† (Grover, S 2010) A person by no means base their decisions on whether a person is of the same beliefs and or style of worship to give them the greatest good even if that particular religion is the biggest in the workplace, and leave the others hanging dry. In an article written by ACLJ it speaks about prayer in the workplace as being legal, stating â€Å"In sum prayer is not illegal, unauthorized, inappropriate, nor improper – and as long as employees pray before or after working hours, or during official breaks, there should be no problem at all.† (ACLJ 2012) So the person cannot make it mandatory for anyone to participate in a religious gathering nor can they hold it against them in terms of gaining a status at a job, and make it into a utilitarian view on them. So what are the outcomes of the utilitarianism over an issue like prayer in the workplace? One can practice their religion on their own personal time as long as it does not conflict with work and can perform their duties while on the job. The greatest good that comes from this view is that all people are protected in some way or form, but we will always have those who have ethical egoism and that is what the greatest number of people are protected from in the laws that are set forth. Using the view of deontology (Golden Rule) it serves as a good foundation and rule of them to treat others. This view however when looked at and studied, that part of scripture is telling the reader not as a reactive approach, but for them to go and do unto others regardless of how they may treat them. Also, the way this view could be used and twisted is if another person from a different very radical belief thinks it is right for them to force it upon other people talking to them about it at work. No one needs to feel the stresses of a job and then put on top of that, dealing with religious views that one apposes. These laws that were put up were not only to protect the people, but also in a way for the religion. This does not in fact mean to keep going up to someone and throwing scripture at them, unless one wants to have a lawsuit against them and the company, but to be able to meet the other person half-way and realize that I might not like them pushing their beliefs down my throat either. Deontology ethics is grounded in the â€Å"Categorical Imperative† by Immanuel Kent states â€Å"The Categorical Imperative simply declares act as if thy action were to become by thy will a universal law by nature.† We should live our lives to help all mankind and that by this we write our own morals. Would we be okay with others adopting our actions and be able to live with what they do to us since we did it first unto them? If we are at a workplace and there are no regulations established on prayers in the workplace and no guidelines whatsoever set in place. Would one put their beliefs out there and start the religious movement at work by their  actions, but be able to handle and live peacefully when another religion that strongly apposes theirs comes into the picture? Is it better to just leave it at home rather than starting something that perhaps one may not be able to handle very well? Relativism works hand in hand with this issue simply because it is used as a means to get out of a discussion and end it at a peaceful ending instead of coming out of it with a reasonable answer. This only adds to the ongoing issue and cannot solve a problem in the workplace, there are those who by their faith need to pray a certain amount of numbers a day which can in turn affect their work and if given special treatment for this may cause some division amongst co-workers. With utilitarianism, deontology and relativism we see different ways on how all this could play out in the end and while trying to figure out the right decision for everyone. The laws are there to protect people from having to conform to something that they do not believe in but at the same time must meet the freedom of choice in the other persons personal views as long as it does not hinder the good standing work order. References Mosser K., Bridgeport Education Inc, 2013 Ethics and Social Responsibility Grover S., FFRF Summer 2010 http://ffrf.org/faq/state-church/item/14007-religion-in-the-workplace ACLJ 2012 http://aclj.org/workplace-rights/religious-expression-workplace http://www.allaboutphilosophy.org/deontological-ethics.htm

Ford Pinto Case Brief

Ford Pinto Case Brief There was strong competition for Ford in the American small-car market from Volkswagen and several Japanese companies in the 1960’s. To fight the competition, Ford rushed its newest car the Pinto into production in much less time than it usually required to develop a car. The regular time to produce an automobile is 43 months; Ford took 25 months. Before production however, Ford engineers discovered a major flaw in the cars design. In nearly all rear-end crash test collisions, the Pinto's fuel system would rupture extremely easily. The technology was available to make the Pinto a safer vehicle. The best method for improving the safety of the Pinto was to line the gas tank with a rubber bladder. Ford alleged that it would cost $11 per car to add any sort of gas tank fire prevention device. Lee Iacocca, who was in charge of the development of the Pinto, had specifications for the design of the car that were uncompromisable. These specifications were that â€Å"the Pinto was not to weigh an ounce over 2,000 pounds and not cost a cent over $2,000. † Any modifications, even if it did provided extra safety for the customer that brought the car closer to the Iacocca’s limits were rejected. A report was prepared for NHTSA by consultant; Eugene Trisko entitled â€Å"A National Survey of Motor Vehicle Fires. † His report indicates that the Ford Motor Company makes 24 percent of the cars on the American road, yet these cars account for 42 percent of the collision-ruptured fuel tanks. Another staggering fact that was discovered was that a large and growing number of corpses taken from burned cars involved in rear-end crashes contained no cuts, bruises or broken bones. They clearly would have survived the accident unharmed if the cars had not caught fire. There was no single event that caused all of the deaths and injuries related to Pinto’s. Ford had many opportunities to limit the damage done by the faulty design of the Pinto. Engineers bowed to pressure from superiors to keep quiet about the unsafe cars. Was it ethical for Ford to make Ford Pinto? Question No. 1 Marks 10 How Ford management used â€Å"Cost Benefit Approach† in solving the case? Is it right decisions? Question No. 2 Marks 10 What is the best ethical solution that Ford company management has to adopt? â€Å"Case Study†

Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale

Yemi Salami Mrs. R. Patterson English 5 AP 22 October, 2012 Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is one troubled (and multi-faceted) man. A brilliant speaker, a kind man, a wise reverend – everyone loves this guy. He’s pretty much a rock star in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (and that doesn’t seem like such an easy feat in Puritan society). With his education and religious standing it allows him to have a larger sense of humility and understanding. So with Dimmesdale also being Hester’s illicit lover and the father of her child, Pearl. He remains silent about his sin, even while he publicly urges Hester to reveal the name of her lover.The narrator indicates that Dimmesdale is one of those individuals who secretly practices self-flagellation (basically, beating himself) to punish himself for his sin. This suggests that he is susceptible to shame, but secretive about it; he prefers to punish himself rather than to be punished by others. It also leaves open the question that emerges later: did Dimmesdale create the mark on his chest himself, or was it put there by the Black Man (Satan), or did it emerge on his skin because of the struggle occurring in his soul?Dimmesdale is a hypocrite through much of the book. He remains the respected and saintly minister on the outside, but his conscience eats away at him until he can hardly stand himself. He wants people to see him for who he really is. Though he tries to confess his sins to the congregation, they do not take him seriously, because he is never specific about the sins he has committed. For seven years, Dimmesdale is silent, and his health declines as a result. Today, we would maybe say he’s depressed, and that his depression is so bad that it becomes fatal.In Christian theology, sin leads to death unless an individual accepts God’s free gift of forgiveness (this is the concept of grace). In Dimmesdale’s case, unconfessed sin literally drives him to his demise For a few momen ts, really just two days, we see Dimmesdale turn away from his former commitment to Christian ideas and morality. His decision to run away with Hester leaves him open to all sorts of suggestions from the Black Man. Ultimately, however, Dimmesdale’s better self reasserts itself. Although he has taken seven years to reach the point here he recognizes he is destroying himself with his guilt, the moment did finally arrive. The Reverend Dimmesdale represents a weak man who has sinned but failed to accept public condemnation for his sin. His subsequent hypocrisy, however, eats away at him until his health fails. Recognizing that death is imminent, he chooses to purify his soul at the last minute by confessing his sin publicly and revealing the scarlet letter A that has appeared on his chest over his heart. The symbol on his skin, suggests that, though we may hide our sins as best as we can, mostly they will always surface and be revealed.

Market Analysis for Entry Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Market Analysis for Entry Strategy - Case Study Example This scenario was attributed to change in behaviour of the citizens of France and their attitudes towards alcohol product There was also evidence that the Wolf Blass wine, an alcohol brand that the company intended to export it to France could not perform better unless the company engages itself in advertising and other promotional tools especially marketing mix strategies that will give the competitive advantage over the other rival companies. The company should take advantage of globalization concept and engage itself in vigorous marketing strategies like the use of technology in exploring new markets within the target market in this case France. The use of on-line marketing will boost the chances of the company to explore more new and diverse markets within France. Also the company should emphasize on utilizing porter generic strategies in order to compete effectively with its rivals. The company should come up with ways of being overall low cost producer at the same time experiencing larger market share. Global events and competition affects almost all modern businesses and organisations are increasingly facing challenges as a result of the ever changing external and internal environments. The economic and political linkages involving the migration of money, products, and people across national boundaries together with ideas and values have increased the pace of change, ambiguity, uncertainty, and unpredictability. For companies to remain competitive and international in scope as well increasing there financial bases they need to embark on market entry strategies that will enhance good results in terms of exploring new markets 1.2 Company/product/market selected Wolf Company is an Australian company that deals with manufacturing and selling of a wide variety of alcohol products including Wolf Blass wine. Wolf Company is among the alcohol producing companies that have utilized the concept of globalization because of the saturated Australian market for alcohol

Homeland security Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Homeland security - Research Paper Example Lives and properties were also lost to this collapse as people that plied that route during that fateful day lost their cars, lives to the collapse; some people also sustained injuries. The I-35 W bridge was built in 1967 and its collapse has exposed the vulnerability of other infrastructures to destruction and it has aroused everybody’s consciousness about the neglect of some key structural designs as regards their pending failure, it has further made the respective authorities to closely monitor and regularly inspect these infrastructures in order to guard against their failure (Subramanian, 2008). It is imperative to look into the collapse of this bridge and investigate the causes of the bridge and check whether the disaster could have been averted by taking precautionary measures. The events that followed the collapse of the bridge would also be closely monitored vis-Ã  -vis the response of the emergency management team in ensuring that the amount of casualties was reduced to a minimum. The findings gotten in this paper would help prevent future occurrence of infrastructural destruction and it would ultimately improve the response of the emergency unit in managing situations such as the one that befell the state of Minneapolis in 2007 as we seek to ensure adequate and effective disaster planning and management. There have been warnings concerning the imminent collapse of the 1,900-ft long I-35 W Bridge in Minneapolis as several experts had cautioned the authorities on the likelihood of the disaster. The unfortunate incident occurred on the 1st of August, 2007, just a few minutes past six, the Interstate highway with eight lanes crumbled inside the Mississippi River, plunging people into the Mississippi River and separating them from their vehicles. People and vehicles were displaced around the north and south ends of the bridge. The I-35 W Bridge collapse became a

Analysis of three different health systems Assignment

Analysis of three different health systems - Assignment Example The similarities and differences are based on the different economic capabilities of the two countries and the population size. This paper is based on  a comparative overview of the American health care system, the Japanese health care system, and the Australian health care system. The differences between the three health care systems are analyzed as well as the evaluation of the systems in terms of equity, efficiency, and effectiveness. The necessary reforms to the health care systems are also discussed in the paper. The healthcare system in the United States comprises of both the private insurers and the public health system that covers the low-income families and the elderly (Emanuel, 2014). Many Americans receive insurance coverage via the employer-sponsored private insurance with most of the services being provided by private insurers. The Medicaid program serves the disabled and poor families. Different states in the country are also required to cover the medical expenses of low-income pregnant women, the elderly, children, and the disabled (Gillies, 2003). States can also expand their eligibility, but the Medicare program is a universal healthcare program that covers people aged over 65 years. The children whose families do not qualify for the Medicare program and do not make enough to buy the private health insurance are covered in the State Children Health Insurance Program (Levine, 2009). A separate health program is also available for the veterans in the United States. The health benefits in the US vary based on the insurance type. The program comprises of both the inpatient and outpatient hospital care and a home visit by the physicians. Other services also include dental care, preventive care, and the use of prescription drugs. The employer-sponsored plans accept patients at the same cost and are underwritten based on the weight, age, smoking status, and health history of the patient. The Medicaid program covers

Race & Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Race & Racism - Essay Example Racism defines the power of a particular group to eliminate other minorities in various ways. It does not have to rely on physical distinctions though, because it can be in the form of distinguishing the culture and behavior of a certain group. Social and political areas of the society can contribute to the idea of racism as they stand for the general population. Racism affects not only the people who are responsible enough to handle such discriminations but also the children or the young generations (Coombs, 1994; Semchison, 2007). The young generation is corrupted as to how the government used them in order to control the indigenous people. Commonly, skin color determines the opportunity for a child from schools, jobs and even in marriage (Smith, 2003). Discrimination among the aboriginal Australians have been a feature of its history. Stealing the generation is just one of the marks of racism in Australia; racism also includes segregating the aborigines and forced them to work for a mission. This scenario largely impacted the health of the aborigines. Their lives have been put into an unvarying threat and losing their lands created more tension. Relocating can be treated as the main reason why the aborigines have developed health problems because of the frustrations and other deprivation they have encountered. They have been put into a violent discipline where they were restricted to take advantage of what belongs to them at first (Semchison, 2007). A concrete example of deprivation is that, funds for healthcare are not adequate to respond to the needs of the people. Moving into the urban life made it difficult for the aboriginal people to deal with their health problems because they cannot, for a fact, afford the medications. Mostly, people are being dominated by those of power because of their poverty. Results are reflected through the poor health, substance abuse, unemployment, violence against women, deprivation on

Managing Multinational Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Multinational Operations - Essay Example From this perspective, China now stands as an investment heaven for foreign investors due to several factors, such as cheap labor, incentives for multinational companies, and relaxation in tax policies that have been few factors from the list. Experts have indicated that as China was successful in surpassing the success rate of USA in terms of FDI in the year 2002, there is a huge possibility that it may become the largest economy by the year 2020 that now seems quite possible (Ching, 2008). After becoming member of the WTO, there has been greater liberty in the sectors of industry and services, and decrease in customs duty has been another major factor of establishment of new foreign firms in China. In particular, studies have indicated that multinational companies especially in the sectors of â€Å"distribution, logistics, financial services, and telecommunications† (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2008) have benefited significantly from such liberalization. Besides, analysis has sh own that there has been introduction of various policies by the Chinese government to give privilege to foreign investors and multinational companies, in order to promote foreign investment in the country and that will be fruitful for any multinational firm that will be entering in China to establish business. A major step has been the implementation of socialist market economy in China that has created an encouraging environment for new investments. Moreover, it is very imperative for a country to be constant in its tax policies and regulations that has been the case of China, consequently, resulting in positive arena for multinational firms to operate in the country. However, while planning to establish business in China, one should have an understanding that few strategies enjoy greater relaxation and liberalization, such as the businesses that â€Å"bring in advanced technology, management expertise and high-caliber talent† (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2008). Thus, if Acme is planning to penetrate in the Chinese market, it will have to make efforts to focus on the quality while ensuring advance technologies in its different processes and procedures. Furthermore, Chinese government promotes multinational firms and foreign investors that facilitate the process of â€Å"ecological construction, environmental protection, and conservation, and the more efficient use of resources and energy† (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2008). Besides such opportunities for multinational firms, there still exist few hurdles; however, the Chinese government has been endeavoring to deal with the issues to promote more firms in the Chinese market. For instance, firms that bring in foreign investment in China enjoy liberalization and relaxation in the processes of â€Å"foreign exchange balancing, and raw materials sourcing† (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2008) that allow the firms to run the business more effectively in the country. Additionally, in the past, firms had this limitation of using local market for materials; however, now, they enjoy the relaxation of giving priority to either local market or the international market while buying raw materials and fuels. On the other hand, there are few restrictions for multinational firms and foreign investors in the process of acquiring approval on capital contributions and participation in some particular sectors of the Chinese marke

Securities activities of banks class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Securities activities of banks class - Essay Example According to the 2008-2012, Global Economic Crisis report, interplay of a number of factors may have triggered this crisis. Some of those factors include high-risk mortgage lending rate, inaction by the financial systems’ regulators to enforce available financial prudence acts and laws which created a loophole that allowed some financial players to act and lend imprudently, untrue credit ratings given to investors by some financial system players to woe and attract investors, and valuation and liquidity problems in the banking systems of global economies. Its turbulences and ripple effects have been heavily felt by virtually all economies, both great and mighty, and fairly considered small ones.1 A number of research have been done in the line of global economic crisis delving into what may have been underlying factors that led to great global economic recession. Commissions of inquiries into causes of the global financial crisis have been constituted and reports have been raised on the possible factors that may have triggered the crisis. Levin-Coburn Report in particular investigates on causes of financial crisis and concludes that, the crisis that plunged many economies into collapse was avoidable if due diligence was followed by major players in the banking systems, especially the ones in the mortgage lending section. Prudence in mortgage lending and adept adherence to the financial regulations and acts could have certainly saved many financial economies from collapsing under the harsh effects of the global recession. To avoid failures by banks insinuated as possible reasons for the global economic crisis, financial regulators have tightened the existing regulations on le nding, liquidity and reserve requirements among others, and banks are now keener in how they handle credit risks. The concept of Asset securitization as a prudent risk management tool is finding global acceptance and many financial institutions concede that it could have

Some wonderfull events in my life Essay Example for Free

Some wonderfull events in my life Essay Everybody in the world is pass from different and various events during his/her lives. I also observed and pass through the many events from my childhood up to present now. As I grow up I perceives knowledge form the education, nature, etc. He enjoys events or occasion, makes friends, etc. Friends are very important in ones life because friends are responsible to give shapes of ones life. I got a chance to live in a good life in a big city when my dad transferred to a city. I did my kinder garden in a small village of just 2000 population of people. Mostly villages are not as developed as large cities. I was like a poor village boy at that time, but as my dad got job in city it also proved helpful to me because I got a chance to live like a modern boy. Therefore this event of getting job led me to live in a good life. When I was in Middle school, I had a lot of friends in my school and near by my area too, as I was very successful in making a bad friends rather than good friends. In other words I learned those activities, which parents want to keep away from their kids. I learned to smoke, started drinking alcohol, harassing girls and started all those activities that were illegal at that time of my age. I did not study for my school and was failing in my subjects. However, I got rid of those bad friends as soon as I could, otherwise I do not think that I can be a good educated person in the society with the company of those friends. Actually after entering in to a new community, I made very good contacts with very bad people. Therefore, this event of making friends proved to be unsuccessful or bad for me. My last event is love event, which I encountered when I was in High school that proves to be very important and helpful in my life until now. I liked one girl in my school. She was my girlfriend for two long years. Those two years are considered among the best years of life. She is two years younger than me, but she was an A student and I was a B student. She is intelligent and always helped me in my study matter. She encouraged me to get good grades in exam. She became very happy if I get good grades and we always had a party after each exam in any subjects. Only because of her help I reached up to college otherwise if she did not meet me in High school, IÂ  could not even graduate from my High school. Everybody says that to have a girlfriend during college education is not a good thing, because if we have a girlfriend, we also need to spend time on them that cause an adverse effect on education especially if anybody is in professional school. However, according to me, it is depends on a how a girlfriend is. If she understands the importance of education and life, she helps a boy in achieving success. I am doing BS in Biochemistry and will going to transfer in Spring 2005. I can say that she was behind me to push me up to college, and even in future I need her to get my degree because she is the one who always encouraged me to do well. Therefore, this love event in my life proves to be very successful, and helpful in my life.

DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Nurses Using Modified Delphi

DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Nurses Using Modified Delphi Research article DEVELOPMENT OF PATIENT’S DVT RISK ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR NURSES USING MODIFIED DELPHI TECHNIQUE. Mr.Kapil Sharma1,Ms. Jaspreet Kaur Sodhi2, *Ms.Rupinder Kaur3 ABSTRACT Background Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a very serious, potentially fatal, and very preventable medical condition. It is important for all patients admitted to the hospital to be screened for the risk of developing a DVT. This could be easily accomplished by performing a risk factor assessment-screening tool on all patients. It is also important to educate the medical and nursing staff on the fact that all patients are at risk for developing DVT, not just surgical patients who are often believed to be at the highest risk of DVT. The implementation of the risk factor assessment could potentially save lives and reduce the hospital costs of treating and managing the complications of DVT and venous thromboembolic disease. The implementation of a risk factor assessment tool could potentially aid in the recognition and appropriate prophylaxis of those patients who are at extremely high risk for DVT. Without appropriate recognition of the risk for DVT, patients may be placed at risk for DVT and the p otentially fatal and/or debilitating complications associated with the development of DVT.1 Aim The aim of the study is to develop Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Staff Nurses. Objectives To select and pool the items to develop Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Staff Nurses. To obtain consensus of Panelists for the development of Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Staff Nurses. To organize valid items in a structured format for the development of Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Staff Nurses. Methods Using instrument development design for Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Staff Nurses. 66 Items were generated from evidence and qualitative data. Face and content validity were established through experts by 3 modified Delphi round. Content validity was computed. The content validity index (CVI) was calculated for each item i.e CVI-i, content validity index for experts i.e CVI-e and general content validity index for the tool i.e CVI-total. Item level CVI (CVI-i) is calculated by number of experts agreeing on the value of relevance of each item (value between 3 and 4) divided by total number of experts, expert level CVI (CVI-e) is calculated by number of items scored between 3 and 4 by an expert divided by total number of items and general CVI (CVI-total) is calculated by sum of all experts individual CVI divided by number of experts. Based on expert panel, CVI-i lower than 0.6 were deleted, (CVI-e) is 0.8,and CVI-total) 0.89. Results Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for Staff Nurses had face and content validity. The content validity index was 0.89. Conclusion The study concluded that assessment of DVT risk is essential in hospitalized patients.The identification of DVT risk at its earliest stage can help to decrease the morbidity and mortality rate in hospitalized patients.The Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool will be helpful to identify risk of DVT at its earliest stage so that preventive measures can be taken. Keywords Deep Vein Thrombosis,Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool.Modified Delphi Technique,Content Validity Index INTRODUCTION â€Å"An ounce of prevention is cheap, the pound of cure costly† (A.Taylor, B.J. Whiting) In India, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is not well highlighted and literature survey shows scanty works in this field. Most of the literature available in India is from the orthopaedic departments, overall incidence of DVT in general population is largely unknown. Most of the DVTs are idiopathic and occur in less than 45 years age group. Irrespective of the etiology, LMWH and Warfarins are efficient, safety is well demonstrated, and domiciliary treatment is advisable with surveillance. Idiopathic DVTs require long term follow up to watch for recurrent thrombosis.2 Each year, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs in 1 of every 1,000 Americans, hospitalizes nearly 600,000 for DVT-related complications, and kills up to 300,000. It is possibly the most common preventable cause of hospital deaths in the United States. Occupations in transportation, air travel, con ­fined spaces, and sedentary office positions pose risks for DVT. The risk of DVT increases with factors such as obesity, cancer, pregnancy, estrogen-containing medications, major surgery, and hospitalizations. , With an understanding of DVT, occupational health nurses are well positioned to promote DVT awareness and reduce the risk of complica ­tions for employees diagnosed with DVT.3 Deep vein thrombosis [DVT] is one of the most dreaded complications in post-operative patients as it is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Majority of patients with postoperative DVT are asymptomatic. The pulmonary embolism, which is seen in 10% of the cases with proximal DVT, may be fatal. Therefore it becomes imperative to prevent DVT rather than to diagnose and treat. Only one randomized trial has been reported from India to assess the effectiveness of low molecular weight heparin in preventing post-operative DVT.4 METHODOLOGY It is a methodological study to develop Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool. The tool was validated by 10 multidisciplinary health care professionals. The study was conducted in 3 Modified Delphi rounds.The validity of tool was determined by content validity index (CVI). The data was collected via e-mail.The tool was developed under three phases and under each phase some steps were taken. PHASE 1- Preliminary preparation During this phase the investigator developed the preliminary Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool for which the following steps were taken: Step-1: Review of Literature- An extensive review of literature was carried out from books, journals and through internet. Literature was searched which represent Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool from all aspects. Various tool were searched. Literature related to tool construction and standardization was also reviewed. Step-2: Items selection and pooling- Different tools were analyzed and related items such as risk factors were selected from the content and items were pooled together. Step-3: Preparation of first draft- Selected items were seemed to represent Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool to generate first draft of the tool. PHASE 2- Validation of first draft and subsequent drafts Step-1: Selection of panel- There were 10 experts in all Delphi rounds. The Delphi panel was consisted of multidisciplinary health care professionals (nurses, doctors, and administrator). The sample of the panelist were heterogeneous to ensure the entire spectrum of opinion to be determined. The written consent was taken from the selected experts to participate in the study. The first draft of tool was circulated among 10 experts from above stated field. Step-2: Delphi Rounds: The modified Delphi technique was used to validate the draft. (The Delphi is an interactive process designed to combine expert’s opinion into group consensus. According to this technique the response of each panelist remains anonymous that there are equal chances of each panelist to present the ideas unbiased by the identity of other panelist. There are subsequent Delphi rounds until a definitive level of consensus is recorded). All the panelist were requested to give their valuable suggestion pertaining to the content, accuracy of information, the item order i.e organization and sequence of the items and working of the items. The suggestions given by panelist was incorporated to generate the second draft of tool. Step-3: Modification: as per the experts opinion:The modification in the tool was made. PHASE 3- Assessing reliability and content validity of tool: Draft prepared after third Delphi round. Validity of Tool: It was done by expert’s opinion. The tool was circulated to 10 experts of various specialties . The experts were asked to rate the items in terms of relevance to the Patient’s DVT Risk Assessment Tool. A 4 point likert scale (1 not relevant, 2 somewhat relevant, 3 relevant, very relevant). The content validity index (CVI) was calculated for each item i.e CVI-i, content validity index for experts i.e CVI-e and general content validity index for the tool i.e CVI-total. Item level CVI (CVI-i) is calculated by number of experts agreeing on the value of relevance of each item (value between 3 and 4) divided by total number of experts, expert level CVI (CVI-e) is calculated by number of items scored between 3 and 4 by an expert divided by total number of items and general CVI (CVI-total) is calculated by sum of all experts individual CVI divided by number of experts. Based on expert panel, CVI-i lower than 0.6 were deleted, (CVI-e) is 0.8, and CVI-total) 0.89. Instrument development: The content validity assessment process described by Waltz and Bausell (1981) and Lynn (1986) was used. 66 items were generated and were carefully investigated for clarity, grammar, and construction. A likert scale was chosen as scale type. Each item was rated on 4 point likert scale (1 not relevant, 2 somewhat relevant, 3 relevant, very relevant) with significant agreement (10 experts rating item a 4 or 3) needed for it to be retained. The experts were asked also to evaluate the set of items to determine if any content area was missing. REFERENCES 1.Race TK, Collier PE. The hidden risk of deep vein thrombosis the need for risk factor assessment: case reviews. Critical Care Nursing Quarterly [serial on the Internet]. 2007, July;30(3): 245-254. 2. L Chinglensana, Santhosh Rudrappa, K Anupama, T Gojendra, Kala K Singh, Sudhir T Chandra. Clinical profile and management of deep vein thrombosis of lower limb. Journal Of Medical Society.2013;27(1):10-14 3. Emanuele, P,. Deep Vein Thrombosis, AAOHN Journal 2008; 56(9):389-392. 4.Anandan Murugesan, Dina N. Srivastava,Uma K. Ballehaninna, Sunil Chumber,Anita Dhar,Mahesh C. Misra,Rajinder Parshad, V. Seenu, Anurag Srivastava,and Narmada P. Gupta. Detection and Prevention of Post-Operative Deep Vein Thrombosis [DVT] Using Nadroparin Among Patients Undergoing Major Abdominal Operations in India; a Randomised Controlled Trial. Indian J Surg. 2010 August; 72(4): 312–317

Quantitative Methods to Research Intimacy

Quantitative Methods to Research Intimacy Jason Green Part 1 Question: Write a report on the usefulness of quantitative methods for describing intimacy, focusing  on the particular method of surveys. You should include the following: a definition of quantitative methods a description of surveys as a particular method consideration of the distinctive kinds of description that surveys generate examples of the usefulness of surveys for describing intimacy. Answer: Science begins with the question’s what is it I want to know, How is the best way that I can get to achieve results that are desired. However, this can only become science when the correct methodology has been chosen, Also that the matter of research can be justified There are also moral and ethical principles that can affect the type and structure or even methodology of the undertaken research. When looking at trying to describe the subject of intimacy many strands of information would need to be gathered, but the real question is which method should be used in the pursuit of the correct results. When trying to achieve any possible answer in ether social science or science as a whole. In our research there are many tools or ways or rather it could be better-said methods to obtain an answer. One method could possibly be used to achieve an answer. But to obtain a more valid and qualify able answer more than one method might be deemed to be used in the search for obtaining the required results that we might desire to gather. Then maybe it could be concluded that for us to get the best results that multi methodology should be applied to gain an unbiased factual conclusion to the research project that could actively be supported by the methods applied. The Quantitative methods could be said to be a more inhuman approach than other methods that might be used in research. The quantitative method is a more sterile clinical method and could be describe like a man standing in front of a window looking in. it has a detached approach. Rather than concerning itself with the data rather than the individual meanings and experience. This method is concerned with looking to identify any patterns, trends and relationships or any other required data from the ‘outside’, The Quantitative methods sets it site and looks at a wider band of the population. With this method, we are so much less concerned with the specifics of the individual’s meanings and experience’s, but it rather looks at the data as a whole and the individual becomes a statistic in the data that collated. (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.68) The Quantitative methodology in general, is next to useless for answering questions that we may look at. It does not look at or is able to analyse the structures and maybe the processes that con and possibly will be observed in behaviour that in underlying Nevertheless, quantitative can be said to be invaluable where the bases of behaver could well said to be not understood. It is important to recognise that the quantitative tend to produce different descriptions of social phenomena, and can support different understandings of social processes. (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.35) In research, one way that makes things really easier is by doing a survey. A survey is best described as short interview or talk. When we use the word survey, it can be unfortunately ambiguous or better said open to more than one interpretation. Therefore, it needs to be better defined. The term survey is mainly used to mean the collection of information. Someone wanting to ask you questions in the town centre may have stopped you. However, to say there is one definition of survey would not be very correct the first as you have read in the earlier paragraph, which is to collect information. A second definition is it is to collect data. It could be defined as a third, which is a specific type of survey research. They ways of collecting survey data are: Questionnaires– which are a series of written questions that are answer by the subject? This method is used to gain answers to questions that would require simple responses’ (agree/disagree/ no options). Then we have Interviews questions put forward to a subject to obtain information about him or her. This type of survey in more like a formal interview like you would have with your bank manager or maybe a new employer when looking for a job. Finally we have Surveys themselves– It might well seem be an error using survey as a description of survey but no it is not actually an error. A Survey is actually a specific type of survey. It is an interview with the researcher asking only a limited amount of questions to a subject. On the face of it, surveys may not seem well suited to the task of gathering data on matters that are sensitive and personal. However, conducted properly and with an understanding of the design and structure limitation and the way that it is implemented it is capable of just that. Has demonstrated, conducted properly and with an awareness of the limitations of survey design and implementation, they are capable of doing just that. With surveys on intimacy and to not just read anything into the data that is extracted from the surveys but rather to examine that data with a critical eye so that there is no error in the understanding of the data achieved. In addition, it remains one of the most powerful tools available to scientists and researchers to gain an understanding of social and scientific studies on intimacy. The Data, which surveys generate helps to shape our understanding of sexual behaviour and intamacy. It also has opened new avenues in research now and in the future (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.94) The usefulness of this can be seen looking at research carried out already by Kinsey and Natsal. They performed surveys in both informed public debates about sexuality and intimate life. Their intention was inform public debate about sexuality and intimacy in life. Their research and surveys had an unpredicted result in social science the helped reshaped the social world as it was understood. It made visible social phenomena as a scale of whole populations and as was learnt from this in research there are consequences. One of the major impacts if we return to Kinsley study’s again was that of making same sex gender visible as never before gay and lesbian couples instead of being hidden in innuendo and rumour now with this statistics the level of such could be seen as fact. (Barns Barnett, 2014 pp.89) Bibliography EditedbyMarkBanks andCliveBarnett. (2014) ‘TheUsesofSocialScience (DD206), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp.35-94 DVD ROM (2014), ‘TheUsesofSocialScience (DD206), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp.35-94

The Crucible by Arthur Miller :: Essay on The Crucible

The Crucible To what extent is John and Elizabeth’s relationship the main focus of the play? In this essay I am going to discus to what extent John and Elizabeth’s relationship is the focus of the Crucible. The play was set in 1962, in a small, American village called Salem. As Salem was governed by a Theocracy, the whole village was extremely religious. After reading the Crucible I think that John and Elizabeth’s relationship is the main focus of the play, we can see in each act how their feelings and emotions towards their relation ship changes and progresses throughout the play. In Act 1 we are introduced to John Proctor. We find out that he is a farmer in his middle thirties and that he is known, and respected throughout the village as a good, honest man. We also learn that John has committed adultery with his former servant – Abigail Williams, niece of Reverend Paris. John deeply regrets this, and, as we learn from act one he wishes to no longer peruse his relation ship with Abigail any further; â€Å"I will cut off my hand before I ever reach for you again!† Abigail responds to this remark in anger, not being able to bear the fact that John no longer wants her. She calls Elizabeth a â€Å"cold, snivelling woman† and accuses her of spreading lies â€Å"She is blackening my name in the village, she is spreading lies about me!† Immediately John responds in defence of his wife â€Å"You’ll speak nothin’ of Elizabeth!† We can see from this Act how John can’t bear the fact that he committed such a terrible sin against his wife who he loves and cares for. In At 2, we learn more about John and Elizabeth’s feelings towards each other. It begins with them having a civilised conversation, perhaps too civilised for a married couple, Elizabeth is keeping her answers short and blunt, for example; â€Å" That’s well† and â€Å"It must be.† John picks up on this, and asks Elizabeth if she is sad again. As we read further we find out that Elizabeth thought John had gone into Salem, as he was home so late. What she really means when she says â€Å"You come so late I thought you’d gone to Salem this afternoon†, is that she thought John had been to see Abigail. Elizabeth knows that John had an affair with Abby, and she still holds this against him. The fact that Elizabeth bought this subject up angers John and therefore, results in an argument. John hates it that Elizabeth cannot seem to forgive him â€Å"Spare me! You forgive nothin’ and forget nothin’

Culture :: Essays Papers

Culture Dominica’s culture is very unique as it has changed hands between European countries such as Spain, Great Britain, and France, who brought African’s as slaves to work the fields. As a result of this combination of different cultures, Dominica contains characteristics that combine to make what is called Creole. This Creole is the mixing of these cultures in language, music, art, food, architecture, religion, dance, dress, and sports. France has had the most noticeable affect on Dominica, which is seen through the majority of Dominicans practicing Roman Catholicism, the French based patois, and the French place names. The best example of this culture is seen in their Carnival, which involves an out pouring of Calypso as the islanders celebrate their heritage through dress, dance, and food. The language of Creole is very different as it is a language formed by the combination of pidginized French, as well as a variety of African languages. Creole not only explains the language but the culture as it means a person of mixed French or Spanish and black descent, speaking a dialect of either French or Spanish. This combination of influences is also seen in the styles of dress as women have outfits that resemble a French provincial woman’s. These dresses have altered over time, as the holidays of Jupe and Chemise in slave times created the "assemble" which is still popular today. This outfit is made up of a floor length skirt, with a bright colored cotton chemise over the white cotton skirt. The older women tend to wear a long sleeved velvet jacket over to be more dignified as the young woman have shorter sleeves. In the Creole culture the style of dress is seen as an art form as many different pieces make up the beautiful contrasts of bright colors to white. There was even a chart for matching foulards and madras handkerchiefs with the dress. These colors were determined by the shade of color the woman was as the different complexions contrasted better with certain colors. All the components that make up these outfits such as the Tete mawe, mouchwe madwas, gard zowel, mouche vanille, chemise decolletee, foulard, portes bonheur, jupe, and jupon or cotillon. (www.delphis.dm/trad_dress.htm) Another large part of the Creole culture is seen during Dominica’s Carnival. Carnival is a tradition all over the Caribbean, it takes place over the course of several days and involves parades, concerts, and many other festive events.

The impact of French imperialism on Indochina to 1945 Essay

Being an imperialist country, France pursed to increase its power, wealth and influence by gaining authority over other parts in the world. South America and Africa were among the countries the French Empire had owned in addition to Indochina who lost its independence after the war against China, which lasted from 1884-1885. Indochina was a main asset to France, especially in the field of economics and social power between other countries such as China and Japan. Despite the advantage Indochina gave to France, the control of the French was not considered beneficial to the Indochinese nation. Politically, France reduced the country’s sense of unity by separating Indochina into three administrative sections called Tonkin, Annam and Cochinchina. Political control varied, as it was direct control for the colony of Cochinchina, however indirect control for Annam and Tonkin. The difference between these areas was the fact that the Vietnamese who lived in Cochinchina were able to gain French citizenship and were enabled to hold seats in the National Assembly in Paris. This meant that authority held by the Vietnamese Emperor was strongly weakened, as his mandarins who gave him his authority worked for the French governor. Whereas, in Annam and Tonkin citizens weren’t allowed access to French citizenship and their territory were not counted as part of France. Their emperors continued authorities through the exercise of French govern. This essentially divided the united power of Indochina as power comes in the masses. In terms of social culture, it was French policy to encourage the educated to serve in the army or civil service and to assimilate into French society. Through assimilation of French ideals, the educated Vietnamese people adopted the illusion of French revolutionary concepts of liberty, fraternity and equality. This was contradicting as they were excluded from political, administrative and managerial positions. If an educated Vietnamese were to hold such a position, they’d receive a fraction of the wages earned by their French counterparts. This was due to the theory that Indochinese people were inferior and relied on French culture to overcome their state of disorder. As a result, the French officials who ruled the provinces undermined traditional control of village notables, which led to the conversion of several million Vietnamese people and condemned the traditional practice of ancestral worship. Due to the angered realisation of double standards of liberty and equality, open rebellion and hunger marches in 1930 led to the execution of leaders, the killing by troops of 10000 participants and the deportation of 50000 more. Protests to French authority resulted in serving a jail centre, which was more popular to find than hospital facilities. Indochina gave many opportunities to France to increase wealth and prestige internationally. Due to Indochina’s location a trading relationship with China was made convenient. Having by 1897, gained mineral concession in three provinces there, the French built to railways accessing to China. By 1910 the railway to Yunnan was built by 80000 Vietnamese workers, in which thirty per cent being the subject of mortality. The majority of Indochina’s 25 million people were used as cheap labour workers to work in mines, factories, rice fields and rubber plantations to produce large quantities of corn, rice, rubber, silk, tin and zinc. Exclusive possession of alcohol, opium and salt trade also significantly amplified France’s financial state. Land grants were given to French settlers and wealthy Vietnamese people who possessed eighty per cent of land. Peasants were living in poverty caused by high rent payment, high taxes and debt to moneylenders. The building of canals, roads, railway lines and port facilities as well as the administration of Indochina were funded by heavy labour of the Vietnamese resources and working-class peasants. The response to oppression caused resistance from the Indochinese nation. Guerrillas fought to prevent forceful takeover and loss of heritage. Further violence was the response of French authority. This worsened the involvement of violence due to the fact that it stimulated further resistance. Nationalism arose from the involvement in world war one, which caused further intense resistance. Education provided by the French was beneficial to the Vietnamese, as they provided and encouraged an understanding and commitment to nationalist ideas. This caused two radical revolutionary groups to emerge and challenge French authority. The more powerful group  called the Indochinese communist party (ICP) was founded by Ho Chi Minh who brought prominence in 1930. The French underestimated its motivation, resistance and ability, which resulted in their failure to destroy it. The pacific war ended in august 1945 and by the 20th of August Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh took control of the government buildings. This was due to the fact that there was a French absence in the colony. The ‘August revolution’ spread across Vietnam and Viet Minh groups’ accessed control of all government levels. On the 19th of August the provisional government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) was announced and on the 2nd of September Ho Chi Minh declared independence in front of his nation. His ten goals included overthrowing French imperialism to make Indochina independent, establish a worker-peasant and soldier government, distribute assets of belonging and plantations to the peasants, implement an 8 hour working day, abolish unfair taxes on peasants, bring freedom to the masses and implement equality between both sexes. French imperialism impacted Indochina Economically, Socially and Politically. In the long run, it provided the Vietnamese with advantages such as infrastructure, education and economic wealth. However, in order to achieve this the French imperialists caused destruction to the masses with burdens of unreasonable debt, high rates of death and forced cheap labour. In order to achieve independence, education on concepts of liberty, fraternity and equality ironically provided by the French gave Vietnamese communists the ability to fight French authority. Through the resistance and support of the majority of the Indochinese nation, the Viet Minh were successful to overcome oppression of their people and ultimately gained insight to political, economic and social welfare on an international scale. Despite his efforts to gain support of the United States, Ho Chi Minh’s letters went unanswered and instead the United States agreed to support France’s demand for support of reclamation of Vietnam.

Nazism Theme in the Antz Movie

In the movie Antz, there were a variety of types of governments shown. The main one demonstrated by General Mandible, was fascism or also known as nazism. General Mandible uses his army to make the other ants in the colony behave. There are many different situations shown in this movie to prove that General Mandible uses Fascism or Nazism in this movie. Whereas, on the other hand, Z wants a direct democracy. He wants everyone to say what they have to say and treats everyone evenly. The first reason showing that General Mandible is using a fascism or nazism is that he does not care about every individual ant; he only cares about his colony. He does not care about what any ant has to say and whatever he says, that is what is going to happen.Whereas Z says that everyone should speak out. Also everyone is the same. In the movie, Z says that everyone should think for themselves and that. There are also many other places where General Mandible demonstrates a Nazism or a fascism type of gov ernment is that he imprisoned people when they did not so anything wrong. An example of this was when Z ran away and General Mandible imprisoned Weaver. Since Weaver did not do anything wrong, General Mandible should not have been allowed is imprison him. Z on the other hand wants the colony to be run as a democracy.As the colony was making a ladder, Z says that we are a colony, implying that everyone is just as important to one another. Also in the end when everyone gets up safely, he says that we did it, not I did it. There were many other types of governments shown in this movie as well but these two showed the major two in the movie. Even though Z did not use the direct democracy, it is what he wanted to be used and it is what would have been used if Z had been the leader.

Globalization processes Essay

Globalization had brought different effects to the society. It had changed that world and how the world processes. Different states join together in creating a better world for humanity. Different businesses establish parts of their business in different parts of the planet in order to provide work for the underdeveloped or developing nations. Most of these nations profit from the globalization processes of the world because this is the way in which they acquire profit. Having a Multi-national Corporation (MNC) invest in one of those nations provides good opportunity not only for the government but also the people. Among the entities involved in the process of globalization, the people are said to profit most for the reason that they are given opportunities and jobs for their family. However in another perspective, the MNCs could be seen as the most profitable entity in the aspect of globalization. It is known to many that the labor pay for the people of the developed and underdeveloped nations are lower than the average labor wage of developed nations. Through investing in different developed and under developed nations, the MNCs are able to save more profit than they usually have. Within the process of expansion of these MNCs one of the most affected individuals are the women. Most underdeveloped and developing nations provide less labor pay for the women in comparison to men. Although now a days gender equality had been slowly implemented, most of these countries still adhere to their conservative perspective that men and women should not be treated or provided equal treatment. One good example is Bangladesh in which hosts different garment factories in the country (Sachs, 2004). It is known that the work of sewing is immediately associated with women. Therefore, they need women workers to be able to do the work on the garments. Most of the brands being produced by women are â€Å"GAP, Polo, Yves Saint Laurent, Wal-Mart JC-Penny and others† (Sachs, 2004). In support to the issue mentioned by Jeffrey Sachs (2005) in his book â€Å"The End of Poverty† other articles also stated the same concern in which Sachs had mentioned. Most corporations prefer having their businesses moved to underdeveloped or developing nations due to the factor of culture and specifically, â€Å"feminine† traits. It is said. In the written work of Thrift (1989) and Taylor (1992) it is specifically stated that Malay women are one of the races in which they prefer in working with some of their products, â€Å"fast fingers, fine eyes sight, the passivity to withstand low-skilled, unstimulating work are said to be biological attributes to be unique to ‘oriental’ women (Thrift and Taylor p. 134). In addition, a Chinese engineer stated that, â€Å"Our work is designed for females†¦ if we employ men, within two or three months they’d run away†¦ Girls under thirty are easier to train and easier to adapt to the job function† (Thrift and Taylor p. 134). Evidently, the MNC’s prefer women in comparison to men due to the personalities that they have. MNCs know that they cannot treat men like they could treat women therefore, making women the main target of these corporations. In the context of the cost of labor, most MNC’s prefer women because they are given less compensation compared to men. In countries such as Malaysia, men have provided higher salaries therefore making them less of a priority to be hired. It is also believed by most MNC’s that unschooled women in Malaysia could only use some training and after a while they will be more efficient to work in factories (Ong, 1987). This context is very degrading for men. Men are not preferred due to their nature and personality. In another side, women are more empowered because they are preferred by most companies. They are able to provide for their family’s needs without being dependent on men. But if seen in a cultural perspective, become the breadwinner of the family. Although it brings positive outcome for women, the changes in structure of the society will be present and slowly evident (Sachs, 2004). With these types of situation one may ask, how do these situations come about? Such situations become evident to the society of underdeveloped and developing countries due to their need to uplift the situation of their economy. Most of these nations are indebt with developed countries, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) or the (WB) World Bank. If one could recall, there had become a debt crisis during the 1980’s in which made many nations indebt to different monetary organization to be able to survive (Sachs and Collins, 1989). Until this very day, many nations are still struggling to create answered to the decade long debt that they have. One of the answers they have seen is Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). In this type of solution, the underdeveloped and developing nations call upon the developed states to invest business in their countries. These developing and underdeveloped countries create way in which they could invite foreign investors in their country. Few of those schemes are the free trade zones and their women workers. With this situation, most of the MNCs take advantage of the tax-free situations and the subsidies given by the host government (Arregui and Baez, 1991). With the studies done by Arregui and Baez, they stated that women workers is also one of the reasons in which transnational companies decided to invest in the specific underdeveloped or developing countries. In addition, it is also stated that in the history of the world, most women are given low compensation (Arregui and Baez, 1991). Most of the time, these women are the most vulnerable and exploited workers because they have no choice but to agree upon the compensation given to them. Although Thrift and Taylor indicated that the skills needed are less compared to other works, Arregui and Baez firmly stated that the internalization of work currently requires more skills than before. With their view of the gender aspects of men and women, the authors have identified that having higher wages for men is very important in order to provide for their family. (Arregui and Baez, 1991)Such situation must be taken into consideration given that men, in the norms of the society are immediately entitled to provide for his family. Women on the other hand are not required to do so because of their responsibilities in the home. In context, having high salary for men is positive while women having high salary imply negativity. Sachs also adheres to this type of idea. He stated that the relationship of the family members becomes different. If the women are given high salary, the men would immediately be regarded to take care of the children compared to the usual. There is a great tendency that the women would be working for the family while the men will work at home and handle the children (Sachs, 2004). However, the current economic situations of the families in the underdeveloped and developing countries are in need to have a better economic lifestyle than what they have at present. The current lifestyle of families is that the mother and the father work for their children but then the lack of emotional attachment becomes an issue. In Sachs’ opinion, such problem does not only affect the gender responsibilities of men and women but also the welfare of the next generation.

Farm Girl

Christina Anderson Mr. Kingsley Eng105 1 February 2012 Life Lessons from the Farm Jessica Hemauer’s essay, â€Å"Farm Girl,† tells her life story of living on a farm through her eyes as ten-year-old child to the time of her early adulthood. The purpose of this piece is to teach the importance of life's responsibilities to children, mainly female, and young adults who may not be familiar with the challenges life can bring and to promote the benefits you can gain by overcoming those obstacles.Hemauer uses pathos, which appeals to emotion, logos, designed to engage our logic, and ethos, to prove its credibility, to convey that though growing up on a family farm was a struggle day-to-day, it was valuable life lesson because it shaped her into the well-rounded and hard working person she is today. The essay opens with Hemauer’s with the immediate use of pathos to capture the audience’s emotions and to gain their sympathy towards Jessica. This is seen in the fir st sentence, when she is begrudgingly awakened by her alarm clock, â€Å"BEEP!BEEP! BEEP! It’s 5:00 a. m. My eyes are heavy with sleep and struggle to open†(83). Hemauer uses specific words to achieve ethos, such as, â€Å"heavy† and â€Å"struggle† to convey that, at age ten, she was already faced with tremendous responsibility and commitment everyday, when she heard the sound of her alarm clock. The use of â€Å"5:00 a. m. † also is used to attain sympathy because, in most cases, five in the morning would bring about a sense of disdain at any age, which can then relate back to Hemauer’s audience.Hemauer wants the young readers to attain that sympathy while reading the story so that they may reflect on their own lives and recognize the privileges they have, such as, not having to wake up at five in the morning everyday, and be grateful for them. Hamauer continues with her use of pathos to awaken the readers of the true struggle and difficul ty that is attached to being a young person with responsibilities. While walking down the stairs, in a sleepy daze, to get to the barn, Jessica is startled awake when the door opens to, â€Å"a brisk and bitter wind accompanied by icy snowflakes that feel like needles digging into our faces†(83).The language that Hemauer uses in this citation, specifically, â€Å"bitter,† â€Å"icy,† and â€Å"needles digging into,† evokes complete sympathy for this young girl. It also affects the audience with a twinge of pain due to the imagery describing the bitter cold and the fact that she must endure it. Jessica Hemauer is able to appeal to both pathos and logos in her writing as well. This is shown after the children reach the barn and begin to work on their chores. Jessica’s job is to feed the newborn calves, she indicates, â€Å"Because I am the youngest in the family, this is my favorite chore because I rarely have a chance to look after someone†¦Ã¢ € (84).The sense of pathos is obtained in this quotation because Hemauer uses certain words, such as, â€Å"favorite chore† and â€Å"rarely† to attain sympathy from the reader, by portraying that she was deprived and that she seeked enjoyment from her â€Å"favorite chore. † For a child or young adult who does not have day to day responsibilities, such as chores, they would view this with a sense of gratitude for the lifestyle that they have. This statement also gives a sense of logos because it is a cause and effect situation.Hemauer states that because she is the youngest, she rarely has the chance to look after others. This would make sense to Hemauer audience do to their age demographic. The young readers could view themselves in a similar situation by not be trusted with great responsibility due to their age. Though Jessica Hemauer appeals to pathos in her writing, she also addresses logos as well. For example, when Jessica considers being more involved in her school she realizes there is no possible way, by stating, â€Å"If I join a club that practices after school, I can’t participate.If I join a club that meets before school, I can’t attend meetings†(85). Hemauer uses logos in this specific case to clearly address the predicament that Jessica struggles with when it comes to responsibility and personal preference. This may be difficult for her audience to understand because, most likely, children or young adults that have had the privilege of growing up without having to make these sorts of decisions could not relate. Most often then not, the only thing that children have is free time.This further proves the author’s purpose for this essay because it demonstrates to children or young adults with less responsibility that, when it comes down to it, you will have to make the sacrifice of what you want for the responsibilities that you already have. Furthermore, Hemauer uses logos later in her essay, to explain some of the benefits of having a large amount of responsibility at such a young age. This is shown when she is reflecting on her past experiences and how they have helped her today, by saying, â€Å"I have always had a challenging amount of responsibility, and I have learned to complete tasks in a timely fashion†(86).The audience will view this as a challenge and a possible goal to set for themselves by seeing her accomplishments due to her initial struggle, further proving the author’s purpose for this piece. This aids to Hemauer’s ethos as well because she is proof, as an author, as to how time management and responsibility has shaped and benefited her. Hemauer’s â€Å"Farm Girl† is a reputable source for ethos due to the fact that it is an autobiographical essay. Hemauer is telling the audience the story of her memoir based true occurrences that happened in her life on her family farm.These events describe the endeavors she faced and the accomplishments she obtained due to the effort that she put forth everyday from a young age till now, as a successful author. Though the target audience for this piece may experience difficulty relating specifically to certain events, such as, walking a half a mile in a blizzard to reach barn to milk cows, they understand what it is like to be a child and what they desire. They know from reading â€Å"Farm Girl† that Hemauer did not always enjoy life on the farm but in the end, it made her a stronger person.Hemauer truly practices what she preaches, which demonstrates a great source of trust and ethos towards her readers. Jessica Hemauer displays ethos within â€Å"Farm Girl† as well by showing credible and believable sources within the story. An example of this can be found at the end of the essay, when Jessica’s Boss is paying her a compliment by asking where he can find more people like herself; her response is, â€Å"Try hiring some farm girls. I hear they turn out pretty good†(87). Within this statement, the audience can come to the conclusion that Jessica Hemauer’s work shows good example of ethos due to the inclusion of the bosses’ question.The ethos that forms from that statement is telling the audience that due to the fact that she is a hardworking, determined, and successful worker, she did not need to tell us that she is good; she can have the support of others to tell her she is instead. In conclusion, Jessica Hemauer’s essay, â€Å"Farm Girl,† is an inspiration towards those who may not be burden by great responsibility at a young age. Hemauer achieves this through her use of pathos, by indicating her past struggles through a sense of sympathy, and by doing so, she is able to reach out to the audience.The author was a success through her indication of logos by presenting her logical analysis towards Jessica’s time management predicament. Lastly, Hemauer not only indicated the use of e thos with her essay, by giving the audience a credible source to trust, being an autobiographical piece, but the audience knows that the essay is credible and believable due to the examples she presents within the essay. The combination of these three elements makes â€Å"Farm Girl† an influential essay that teaches the lesson that hard work really does pay off in the end.

The critical thinking paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The critical thinking - Research Paper Example This means that this place holds a key to religious standing of the community. It is important to note from various books that Middle East plays a critical role in the social, economic political issues around the world from ancient period. There is significant historic attachment of various social aspects of the society that can be traced to the Middle East. From biblical texts, Quran and other religious cultures, Middle East is shown as having a critical contribution to the contemporary social groups among the diverse communities around the world. When it comes to economic issues, Middle East is the leading producer of the input factor for most of the production activities around the world. Crude oil is the leading source of energy that dictates significant part of the overall economic productions in most countries. It is therefore important to note that most economies in the world depend on Middle East directly or indirectly and US has been at the picture most of the time. Some of the conflicts between Middle East and US can be attributed to such economic issues. It is through this that political polices comes in.2 The different cultural structure of the Middle East community is different from the US and this translates to incoherent economic ideologies which are closely related to politics. The strategic geographic location is so important for the trading, because it will make the trading so easy between the different countries. Also all the stuff which is coming from Europe and needs to go to Asia needs to go through the Middle East so all this is going to benefit the Middle East countries. This explains why the international community is really concerned about peace in the Middle East. The recently experienced revolutionary fights that Swept North African Arab countries and Syria is a good example of how such consequences can be felt by the world.3 From various texts, it is evident that the central location of Middle East between the other continents makes it serve as the route and this is responsible for it significance in global economy. It is not news any more to hear about the endless war between Israeli and Palestine with a large casualty count. The blame game is more of political and revolves around the US support to Israeli against the strong tide of the larger Arab dominated region. There are a lot of thing that makes the Middle East special such as, its strategic geographic location, its significance in world history and culture, its role in the global economy, its relations with the United States. All this things makes the Middle East very important for more than one thing. It is therefore imperative that some of the issues taking place in this region are given international attention. The Middle East is also role in the global economy, because it has all the stuff that is needed to get money and also to trade with other countries so the Middle East is dominating the economy for many years because it’s the only way t o go through Europe to Asia that’s why the economy in the Middle East is so strong. Their crude oil and central role in OPEC gives them a head start in influencing the world economy in various ways. Besides, the increasing foreigner settlement in

Investigation About Forklift Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Investigation About Forklift - Essay Example This essay stresses that the forklift operators must be trained and retrained time again so that they can always remember not to push or shove bins while workers are in front of the line, as this may trigger an accident. In addition, employees have to be keen while working at all times, in this case, if Tina was keen, she would have seen the forklift that is if she did not have her back turned. The forklift operator is normally trained and must have received a tool box talk on not pushing or shoving bins while workers are in front of the line. If proper disaster management were in place medical officers would have been in the place of incident at the right time. This can be attributed to poor event management. Moreover, an accident may be caused by unattended medical issues in employee’s body. This paper makes a conclusion that lack of educating the employees on the safety measures is one of the principal causes of the incident that happened to Mrs. Tina. The accident would be avoided if a proper education was carried out and proper safety equipment put in place. Also, the employees would be in a better place to handle Tina’s case if they had skills in first aid operations. Management should heavily invest in training its employees on the site’s safety program can only be successful when employees on the site receives sufficient training to comprehend what their safety responsibilities and opportunities are and how to fulfill them. Consequently, training forum is a high priority to ensure a safe workplace.

Contemporary Philosophical or Political Thought Essay

Contemporary Philosophical or Political Thought - Essay Example Kant has been one of the most influential intellectuals in the world of philosophy with his most discussed philosophical theory of ‘groundwork of the metaphysics of morals’ where he introduced and laid firm foundation the ideas of ethics. In his work, Kant seeks to put down important theory of morality and prove how the principle applies to the people. He put across the idea that the behavior of the principle that a person wishes to do verifies the appropriateness of his or her action. During his era, there was a lot of serious concentration in his mind set about philosophies as due to the influence he used to face. During his school life, he studied some works of well-known historical philosophers such as Gottfried Leibniz and Christian. Any philosophy student could support Kant’s response in philosophy because he has set platform for current philosophers who are working on his ideologies to see on their applicability in the society. Kant drives his point home fr om an ordinary thinking morality to superior ideology of morality, which he regards it, as categorically essential. Kant believes that uncontroversial starts from our ordinary shared moral senses, and evaluation of major common sense conceptions such as ‘the good’, and bear a strong thought of morality. With respect to morality, Kant showed that the origin of ‘good’ does not lie outside individual’s thinking; either in natural phenomena or God’s gifted, but it is more of a good will itself (Wood 129). A good willpower is one that operates from sense of duty according to the worldwide moral rule that an independent person liberally gives it. In basis metamophysic of morality, Kant listed three formulations of the definite imperative that are approximately similar. In Kant’s first formulation of ‘universal laws of nature’, it demands that the individuals should select maxims as if they should act as natural law. The interpret ation of this formula regarded as ‘universalizability test’ states that subjective opinions of individual’s deeds give someone an explanation to act. The second formulation is known as ‘formulation of end in itself’, states that the reasoning being by its nature an ending, and therefore as an ending itself, must provide in each saying as the factor forbidding all purely relative and random endings. The third formula of autonomy is a combination of the previous formulas and it is the foundation for ultimate determination each maxim. It says that, all maxims, which originate from independent legislation, need to match with a probable kingdom of life. This implies that people should act according to their own mindsets as any other individual in the common realm of endings (Jacobs 98). Kant declares that, because of the restriction of discussions in the absence of indisputable proof, no individual could certainly understand whether there is a God and lif e after death or not. For the sake of ethics and as a basis for explanation, Kant declared that human beings have reasons to put trust in God, though they could never understand Lord’s existence empirically. The factor open-minded approach

Development Topic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development Topic Analysis - Essay Example In addition, Iraq is on record as the first oil producing country to nationalize part of its oil reserves in 1961. The Iraq National Oil Company has made significant contributions in the formulation of international oil policies and it is expected to contribute more if there will be political stability in Iraq (Alnasrawi 7). Iraq’s oil production is estimated to be over 2.1 million barrels per day (bpd). This production is roughly 2.5% of the total oil supplied around the world. Going back to the trend of Iraq’s oil production, statistics indicate that Iraq produced an estimate of 4 million bpd in 1979, which placed it third after Iran and Saudi Arabia. Before the Iraqis invasion of Kuwait, Iraq’s oil production averaged 3.5 million bpd. This production began to reduce in the 1990s after the Gulf war and after the introduction of international sanctions against Baghdad. By the time the US was invading Iraq in March of 2003, Iraq’s oil production averaged 2.6 million bpd (Alnasrawi 13). After the US invasion, production of oil in Iraq has declined remarkably to estimates of 1.5 million bpd in 2003, 2.00 million bpd in 2004, and in 2005, oil production was 1.8 million bpd. In 2006, oil production averaged 2.06 million bpd; this was below the government’s target of 2.5 million bpd. Despite the increased global oil prices, Iraq has managed to meet its budget estimates (Gordon 1-70). It is evident that Iraq’s oil market has suffered a lot in the last three decades. Experts point out that declines in Iraq’s oil production in the last five years is due to poor management on oil reservoirs. In addition, these declines are as a result of poor maintenance of pipelines, pumping stations, and other infrastructure. A situation of political instability in Iraq may be associated to problems facing Iraq’s oil market. Since 2003, there has been remarkably less development on potential oil reserves, which implies that there is the lack of new oil

Systems Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Systems Programming - Essay Example In order to protect digital information, organizations are keen to implement technical controls such as firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, honeypots and Demilitarized zones. These controls are considered as logical and provide security on the logical layer. However, often the important aspect i.e. information security management is not addressed to the optimal level. A typical information security program is led by an information security manager who establishes a steering committee for discussing security aspects focusing not only the IT department but every department within the enterprise. Some of the management controls that are implemented by the information security manager are IT governance, Risk management, monitoring Key Process Indicators (KPI) and Key Goal Indicators (KGI). KPI demonstrates the current state of security within an organization and KGI demonstrates the level of security to be achieved. As per the current scenario, critical data must be protected by impl ementing Firewalls to secure the network from external logical threats and Virtual Private Network will be implemented for securing the data transmission on the Wide Area Network. The modern operating system introduced by Microsoft is named as Windows 7. This operating system contains advanced tools for network security from viruses, malware and spyware thus reducing the security breaches and risks. Another feature Windows 7 comprises is an enhanced backup solution for the important data. This will also provide more control via parental tool to protect family from possible risks. The Windows 7 also includes enhanced protection, safety and privacy characteristic for better internet experience. 2 What security is all about The Windows 7 incorporates a tool named as an Action Centre that allows the users to check firewall updates, software’s updates such as antivirus. Furthermore, this Action Centre will automatically turn on for all the latest available software updates. This A ction Centre is located in Control Panel for easy access for the users. 2.1 Protect your data from theft, hackers and accidental loss Another new feature that is included in Windows7 is the BitLocker Drive Encryption. This allows your Windows to encode all the important data, passwords and other information stored in the hard disk. The data encodes automatically into the hard disk as soon as the BitLocker is activated. Similarly, firewall also plays a vital role in computer protection. The firewall is designed to block all the unsafe data or malicious soft wares that enter into computer. The firewall present in Windows 7 is made more flexible and easy to use to provide maximum protection against hackers. In Windows 7, the backup system is also enhanced and made user friendly. This helps to generates many copies of your important data and thus restores it when needed. In order to protect your computer from viruses, malware and other spyware you need to download â€Å"Microsoft Secur ity Essential†. This application is available for Windows 7 and is free of cost. The Microsoft Security Essentials provides protection against worms, viruses, Trojans, spywares and other malwares. A detailed catalogue is available online for Microsoft Security Essential and how to use it. Moreover, Windows Defender is also included in Window

Brighton Nightlife Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brighton Nightlife - Research Paper Example Various entertainment spots compete for the large population of revelers. To satisfy this population, various entertainment spots have a variety of brands that keep making them outstanding to their competitors. In addition, the location of the clubs influences the accessibility and the population of revelers who visit the clubs (Winston, 2014). Tru Brighton uses the free cocktail strategy in attracting clients. Tru Brighton is known for entertaining its guests with the famous free cock tail offers on Friday evenings for those revelers who come before midnight. The club also has adequate accommodation for its revelers. In addition, Brighton has ample space that can host up to 1200 guests in the main room alone with other rooms remaining and several balconies. The average cost of drinks at the club is at  £1.00. Tru Brighton is also renowned for its renting of private booths and suites for those who wish to have private and quality time together. The club reaches out to its clients through the social media platform such as Facebook and Twitter as one of its promotional strategies. Brighton is also strategically located next to the Brighton fishing museum that is a major tourist attraction site (Winston, 2014). The honey club reaches its target market by hosting various night themed nights all through the week. The university of Sussex students are known to specifically take up the Thursday evening events. Drinks at the club have an average cost of at  £1.00-1.5 all night. The honey club also has entry fees which keep changing based on the days of the week. The entry from Saturday nights before 11 pm is about at  £8 after which it increases to up to  £12. On the week nights the cost are at  £1-  £3.The clubs offers the perfect scenery with its terraces facing the Brighton beach. Many events are held at this venue due to the kind of scenery it gives of the brig ton beach. The club

Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Justice - Essay Example The need for justice is necessitated because of claims made by an individual or groups on the other on the ground of misconduct or unfairness. Crime is one of the prevalent forms of such misconduct and hence it calls for the development of a special branch of the judiciary system which is known as the criminal justice system. The extent of the crime rate has been on the rise and continues to be so presently. However, the question that comes up is whether justice has been able to reach each of the victims and has led to the happiness of the society through its regulation. The answer to this question is well –known to all. Daily reports of crime show the extent to which such activities have increased and how the perpetrators go about moving freely in the society. This does not imply that the concepts of justice has changed, it only reflects the underlying inability of the concerned authorities to impart it. Justice is a social order that keeps individuals safe from crimes such as thefts, murders, assaults and abuses. In the macro sense, it protects countries from wars, terrorism and other types of ‘unjust’ activities. Justice also ensures a person’s freedom and autonomy in making choices. However, the role of justice in taking actions comes into play when such freedoms are misused by those individuals. (Kelsen) Criminal justice has been formulated to control incidents of crime as a part of the justice imparting system. The role of justice is not only to give the seeker his due rights but also to create an environment that is not conducive of crime. That is to explain that it does not only punish the perpetrator and thus gives justice to the victim, it also has a duty to transform the perpetrator to avoid recidivism. Further, in the eyes of justice, every one is equal. Justice does not show biases and favoritism. Thus, the punishing of a criminal is the duty of justice not for the sake of the

Alpen bank. SWOT Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alpen bank. SWOT Analysis - Case Study Example The organization has hesitated to launch its credit card services because of poor infrastructure, population inexperience and low per capita income level of the Romanians. However, they have launched this credit card service and able to win the trust of customers. In the year 2000, the organization has entered in the European market. The objective of the study is to form an effective marketing strategy in order to clear cut the positioning strategy considering the credit card industry. A strategic SWOT analysis has been implemented below for Alpen. Strengths Alpen bank is one of the leading banking organizations in Romania. The bank is popular within the country due to the effective customer service and several differentiated customer service. Due to its quality customer service the organization has able to create positive brand awareness in Romania. As it is discussed earlier, premium banking services have increased the core competencies and reputation of the brand name in the Roman ian market. Weaknesses Lower customer base is the biggest weakness of this brand. The organization has implemented credit card service facilities for its clients in Romania. The concept of the credit card was not familiar with the people of Romania. The organization has hesitated to enter in this credit card service business due to the effect of recession, low per capita income of people and inexperience of the people about the credit card services. Lack of awareness and low customer base is the significant weakness of the organization. Opportunities Now the potential opportunities for the credit card service of Alpen bank can be determined by evaluating the effects of following six important environmental factors to the company. Political: The organization has tried to enter in the European Union market to increase its international client base. The credit card industry is comprised of four key parties, such as Merchant acquirers, Merchants, Card Issuers and Network & Associations. However, the banking sector in Romania is least affected comparing to the other developed countries. Strict governmental regulations and ethical policy implementation has helped the organization to win the trust of the consumers. The support of several political parties and government can increase the core competency of the organization. Economical: The organization is overcoming the challenges of previous recession. The economy of Romania has able to overcome some effects of recession. The disposable income of middle class people is increasing significantly. Initially in the year 2006, the organization was trying to enter in the EU region due to the economic advantages of these areas. However, the organization had tried to target the premium customers due to the unfavorable economic condition. The high disposable income of the people of high income level will help the organization to generate high revenue. Social: The people of Romania were not that much aware about the credit car d services. Therefore, it is necessary for the organization to create social awareness about the credit card service. It is a potential opportunity for the organization to increase its market share in Romania. The organization should concentrate on the untapped market. Moreover, changing life style and improved literacy rate will help the organization to create a huge customer base within the country. Technological: Technology is a necessary aspect for the growth of this industry. This credit card facility will encourage the people of modern society. Effective and advanced telecommunication facility, computer technology and developed terminals will help the customers to operate the credit cards comfortably. Environmental: The service sector has able to hold high growth rate comparing to the

Evaluating E-Commerce Strategy Development within Organisations Essay Example for Free

Evaluating E-Commerce Strategy Development within Organisations Essay Background The news about the â€Å"New Economy† has triggered many entrepreneurial ventures to exploit on the electronic commerce (e-commerce) opportunities. Ventures such as Amazon and eBay have received significant media attention and investor optimism about the potential of e-commerce. Now that the smoke has settled, both management and academic research have become interested on the impact of e-commerce on those companies that have supplemented their brick-and-mortar outlets with e-commerce initiatives. Several researches have emerged on effect of e-commerce on organisational strategy. Tapscott et al (1998) discusses the organisational changes created by B2B e-commerce and the benefits of deploying e-commerce within the organisation. O’Connell (2000) discusses the effect of e-commerce in the organisational structure in light of the resource-based view and transaction cost theory. E-commerce has been seen as improving efficiency, communication and lowering costs across business processes (O’Connell, 2000; Krovi et al., 2003; Garicano and Kaplan, 2001). In addition, researches have also shown the influence of e-commerce on brand management. Wind Mahajan (2001). discuss how the competitive environment is changing with the increasing number of Internet users and how the new technology is redefining the marketplace. The research presented a conceptual framework delineating the drivers and outcomes of marketing strategy in the context of competing in both physical and electronic marketplace. Part of the emergence of electronic marketplace is the ability of organisations to offer highly customized products to consumers, and the capability to build and to manage customer relationships (Brown, 2000). The aim of the research is to investigate the way in which an organisation develops its electronic commerce strategy over time in light of existing strategic approaches and development found within related literature. The research particularly looks into Marks Spencer e-commerce strategy as the case study for the research. The research looks into how Marks Spencer has developed and implemented its e-commerce strategy. Drawing from strategic management theories, the research specifically focuses on the how an e-commerce strategy is grounded on reducing transaction cost within the organisation and across the value chain. Furthermore, the research also looks into the importance of relationship marketing and how e-commerce is providing organisations with the necessary technology to achieve seamless exchange of information and reduced costs. Strategically, the adoption of e-commerce within an organisation hinges on these two important strategic management theories. In addition, the research is confined within the business-to-consumer (B2C) market, since business-to-business (B2B) relations are frequently characterized by a small number of customers and a strong emphasis on personal contacts between customers and salespeople as their means of marketing communication. Therefore, the research focuses on how consumers view their shopping experience within an e-commerce site, particularly Marks Spencer. The Overview of the Study   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The remainder of this study is as following statement:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 2, Literature Review, will provide a concise concept and explanation of electronic commerce within retail organisation. The review of related literature discusses the concept and application areas of e-commerce within organisation. The review will also tackle the important strategic management concepts such as transaction cost theory and relationship marketing and how e-commerce is enabling organisations achieve increased efficiency, improved communication, and lower costs across its value chain. Chapter 3, Methodology, will describe the research design of this study. The research design of this study is empirical research method using secondary data for quantitative analysis. Chapter 4, Results, will demonstrate the results of this study.   At first, the descriptive statistical data such as maximum, minimum and mean, on the consumer’s perspective on the different service attributes of e-commerce site for Marks and Spencer. Chapter 5, Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations, the â€Å"Summary† section will first provide a comprehensive summary of the major findings of this study. The â€Å"Conclusion† section will highlight the implications of the research findings. Finally, â€Å"Recommendations† will be proposed to help companies to utilize the importance of electronic commerce in their strategic assessment.   In next chapter, related researches in electronic commerce will be reviewed CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Electronic Commerce According to the International Engineering Forum, e-commerce is â€Å"an emerging model of new selling and merchandising tools in which buyers are able to participate in all phases of a purchase decision, while stepping through those processes electronically rather than in a physical store or by phone (with a physical catalog). (online International Engineering Forum)† E-commerce enables a customer to access product information, select items to purchase, purchase items securely and have the purchase settled financially.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the notion of e-commerce as the ability of organisations or a person to sell over the Internet is very popular, the research paper will adopt the definition of Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). E-commerce can be defined as â€Å"the total of all applications that pertain to online communications and transaction (OECD, 2000).† The definition better suit our purpose of discussing e-commerce in the context of strategic management. The research views e-commerce holistically, which encompasses the communication between organisations and customer over the Internet, the completion of one-time or on-going online transactions, and e-CRM systems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The emergence of e-commerce in the retail sector is one of the most widely adopted and anticipated development in the industry. Following the success of Amazon, many brick-and-mortar retailers jumped into the dot com bandwagon and established their online presence in the World Wide Web. Many have adopted e-commerce capabilities out of a fear of falling behind competitors or as a result of the general momentum to expand the use of an existing Internet presence. Nonetheless, the main value proposition for organisations adopting an online presence is the prospect of increasing revenue from new markets and using a lower-cost, electronic-distribution channel (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With a strong demand from organisations in creating an online presence, internet service providers (ISPs) have begun to offer electronic-commerce hosting services. ISPs often position as a outsourced service provider of the customers’ electronic-commerce capabilities, managing the networking and server aspects of the initiatives. Such services are important consideration for the roll-out e-commerce sites as it allows organisations to leverage on the expertise of ISPs and allows organisations to concentrate on their core businesses (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the customer’s perspective, the main benefit of an e-commerce system is the convenience it brings to consumers, who are constrained by busy schedule and numerous activities. The e-commerce system enables a customer to locate and purchase a desired good or service over the Internet when the customer is ready to make the purchase. Its function is synonymous to a virtual store (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the merchant’s perspective, the e-commerce system enables the organisation to take advantage of the strengths of online store and increase revenues. One of the key benefits of implementing an online store is the capability to cover greater market reach and a complementary distribution channel to its existing brick-and-mortar stores. However, in order to effectively implement an e-commerce strategy, the e-commerce system must recreate or utilize existing data and business processes. The merchant must recreate the same shopping experience in its online store providing in-store assistance, secure payment process, catalogs and prices about the products and services, inventory management, and transaction capabilities (including credit authorization, tax computation, financial settlement, and shipping) (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, e-commerce not only allows merchants to take advantage of market reach, but it also enables merchants to redefine and enhance an enterprise’s brand strength, customer-service capability, and supply-chain efficiency. An e-commerce site is one of the areas of an enterprise infrastructure that is open to customers via the Web, but it is linked with other information system of the enterprise value chain (online International Engineering Forum).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In implementing an e-commerce site, provision of the basic system requires an Internet connection, a Web-application server and e-commerce application software, and a personal computer for the shopper. Figure 1 illustrates the basic economic drivers and application requirements of an e-commerce marketplace. On the buyers side, consumers are driven to the online retail store through advertisements, interesting features, needed information, and directory. On the sellers side, merchants are driven to the online space because of its ease of entry, increasing website traffic, ability to sell and integrate marketing messages (online International Engineering Forum). Figure 1. Business Drivers in e-commerce strategy E-Commerce Strategies and Business Drivers A number of initiatives implemented within an organisation are driven by a market need. All industries are characterized by trends and new developments that gradually or speedily produce changes important enough to require a strategic response from participating firms. The popular hypothesis about industries going through a life cycle helps explain industry changes but is still incomplete (Porter, 1980 p. 157-162). The life-cycle stages are strongly keyed to changes in the overall industry growth rate (which is why such terms as rapid growth, early maturity, saturation, and decline are used to describe the stages). Yet there are more causes of industry change than an industry’s position in the life cycle (Porter, 1980 p. 157-162). While it is important to judge what growth stage an industry is in, there’s more analytical value in identifying the specific factors causing fundamental industry and competitive adjustments. Industry and competitive conditions change because forces are in motion that create incentives and pressures for change (Porter, 1980 p. 162). The most dominant forces are called driving forces because they have the biggest influence on what kinds of changes will take place in the industry’s structure and competitive environment. The Internet and e-commerce opportunities are unquestionably spawning a sweeping business revolution that altered industry boundaries, opens up all kinds of new business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) market opportunities and threats, sparks competition from new and entirely different breed of enterprises and mandates fundamental changes in business practices (Thompson and Strickland 2001).   In his book The Business of E-Commerce: From Corporate Strategy to Technology, Paul May discusses four business drivers for adopting an e-commerce strategy. First, organisations have the compulsion to catch up with competitors or to gain competitive advantage by being early adopters of the new technology. Organisation’s constant pursuit to gain competitive edge in the marketplace is a primary concern and part of a survival component in the business strategy. Second, organisations need to develop a credible e-commerce channel from its current online portfolio. Third, organisations are constantly looking for ways to reduce cost and increase efficiency within its value chain. E-commerce can be a creative force in delivering reduced transaction cost, increased communication and coordination, and improve business processes. Fourth, e-commerce enables organisations to improve its value chain by creating strategic supplier partnership and delivering customized customer solutions. It allows organisations improve business’ infrastructural capabilities to play as an extended enterprise and not merely a single business entity delivering greater value to its customers (May, 2000). Each of these drivers can be harnessed as a propulsive force for the business, rather than a deflective or immobilizing one (May, 2000). Application areas of E-commerce Six key emerging application areas in electronic commerce can be identified. It can be organized into two important domains: business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B). The application areas include categories in consumer retailing to real-time business-to-business collaboration (May, 2000).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retailers were the first adopters of the business-to-consumer e-commerce. Retailers found selling products and services online as a promising channel of distribution for its products and reaching new markets. Nonetheless, B2C e-commerce is now more diversified and classified into three application areas which include retail, auction, and advice (May, 2000). The three application areas of B2C e-commerce are retail, auctions, and advice. Although each has its own distinguishing characteristics, and dynamics, a consistent theme underlies the development of all three. This is the increasing â€Å"busy-ness† of consumer lifestyles: the extension from work life into private life of a culture of ever-decreasing time-frames and ever-increasing obligations. Lack of time and complexity of choice drive the growth of products and services in each of these areas (May, 2000). Business-to-consumer is a term that stresses the direction of delivery: B2C e-commerce is supposedly something done by business to consumers. Yet this domain is founded on intense customer focus. Insight into the conflicting desires and pressures affecting consumers is a powerful ally in building successful strategies in this highly competitive area (May, 2000). Business-to-business, on the other hand, is the umbrella term used to refer to transactions between businesses conducted online, and the business networks and supply chains that make these transactions possible. While B2B activity has always, taken place, the Internet brings with it a new framework, B2B companies no longer need to depend on the traditional one-to-one model for business transactions (Michel, 2003). Procurement, inventory exchange, and real-time collaboration are relatively obscure categories of application, which have the potential to flip many businesses inside-out. Procurement introduces process improvements in the buying functions of organisations and also points the way to a more competitive environment in inter-company trading. Inventory exchange introduces the mechanism of the market to smooth out supply and demand inefficiencies across entire value chain, potentially lowers transaction and carrying costs, and focuses on improving exchange of supplier information. Real-time collaboration allows organisations to cooperate as fluid colonies of actors, undermining the stability of companies who prefer hands-off relationships or who prefer their reality-checks to be presented monthly (May, 2000). e-Commerce application in Retail Industry Retailers are now increasingly adopting electronic commerce as another distribution means of selling products and services. Online channels have also proved increasingly popular amongst retail companies within other formats such as hypermarkets or catalog retailers, who have attempted to expand into the sector to escape from stale growth within their respective markets (Datamonitor 2006). Datamonitor estimates the global Internet retail sector valued at $656.4 billion in 2005, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.3% over the 2001-2005 period. The estimate is based on the total revenues generated through the sale of retail goods via online channels, valued at retail selling price, with any currency conversions calculated using constant 2005 annual average exchange rates (Datamonitor 2006). With the number of Internet users increasing exponentially year-on-year, the industry has experienced strong global growth within the global Internet retail sector. Much of the demand for online purchases is due to the escalating number of working mothers and time-starved consumers who are conveniently seeking ways of shopping without the hassle of driving to a retail store and falling in-line (Datamonitor 2006). At present, drugs and health beauty aids are the sector’s most lucrative segment in 2005, accounting for a total of $154 billion in total revenues or 23.5% of the retail sector’s total value. Computer, hardware, software, and supplies contributed significant revenues in 2005, generating $114.9 billion in revenues or 17.5% of the sector’s total value (Datamonitor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While analyst do not see a similar spectacular growth in the global Internet retail industry, experts still is optimistic the pace of revenue expansion for the next four years. Industry experts project to the expansion of industry to remain strong valuing the industry at $1.169 trillion by 2010. This translates to 12.2% CAGR over the 2005-2010 period (Datamonitor, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In terms of revenues generated per region, Datamonitor reports that Europe has the largest market share in the global Internet retail sector with 44.4% of total value, followed by the United States and the Asia Pacific with 22.5% and 21.7% respectively (Datamonitor, 2006).